{"id":4079,"date":"2026-10-08T14:31:34","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T14:31:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/cold-work-tool-steels\/tgx-snapper-esr\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T15:39:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:39:59","slug":"tgx-snapper-esr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/en\/cold-work-tool-steels\/tgx-snapper-esr\/","title":{"rendered":"TGX SNAPPER ESR"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” video_bg=”use_video” video_mp4=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hss-hero-1.mp4″ video_webm=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hss-hero-1.webm” video_ogv=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hss-hero-1.ogv” background_video_loading=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fast” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”450″][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

TGX SNAPPER ESR (1.2360 mod, X48CrMoV8-1-1 mod, Cr8Mo2SiV)<\/span><\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”50″][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
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Electroslag Remelted tool steel for cold and hot work applications where high strength and hardness are combined with high toughness<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
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SNAPPER ESR is a special alloyed Cr-Mo-V steel, secondarily hardenable, with very high toughness, good compressive strength, high wear resistance also at high temperatures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

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Applications<\/h3>\n

SNAPPER ESR can be used for hot working applications as hot stamping dies, press hardening dies for direct and indirect methods. SNAPPER ESR is recommended for high demanding applications.<\/p>\n

SNAPPER ESR can be used for all cold working applications requiring a combination of high hardness and toughness as in automotive and white goods industries. SNAPPER ESR is recommended for high demanding applications.<\/p>\n

SNAPPER ESR can be used for industrial knives and it is especially suitable for use as chipping knives and all industrial knives such as those in the paper and wood industry and also for knives for cutting metals thicker than 5 mm and up to 15 mm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

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Main properties<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Excellent wear resistance even at high temperatures<\/li>\n
  • Excellent toughness<\/li>\n
  • Good compressive strength<\/li>\n
  • High hardenability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
    \n

    Chemical composition (typical)<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    C<\/th>\nMn<\/th>\nSi<\/th>\nP<\/th>\nS<\/th>\nCr<\/th>\nMo<\/th>\nV<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    0.47<\/td>\n0.50<\/td>\n0.30<\/td>\n\u2264 0.02<\/td>\n\u2264 0.003<\/td>\n7.50<\/td>\n1.50<\/td>\n1.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \n

    Designation<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Werkstoff Nr<\/th>\nISO<\/th>\nChina GB<\/th>\nJIS Japan<\/th>\nUK<\/th>\nAISI USA<\/th>\nRussia Gost<\/th>\nAFNOR<\/th>\nOther \/ Special<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    1.2360 mod<\/td>\nX48CrMoV8-1-1 mod<\/td>\nCr8Mo2SiV<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

    \"Positioning<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

    \n

    Structure<\/h3>\n

    Because of the moderate carbon content and the medium chromium content the structure of the SNAPPER ESR is fine and homogeneous without precipitation or alignments of carbides.<\/p>\n

    SNAPPER ESR which is an electroslag remelted steel (ESR)<\/em> is very high and according to ASTM E 45 – 95 method A it is at most equal to: fine series: A0.5 – B0.5 – C0 – D1.5 \/ thick: A0.5 – B0.5 – C0 – D1 with B + C + D \u22642.5<\/p>\n

    Such level of cleanliness leads to an improved fatigue life of the SNAPPER ESR.<\/p>\n

    Hardness at the time of delivery<\/h3>\n

    Annealed for 250 HB max.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

    \n

    Physical properties<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Temperature<\/th>\n20\u00b0C<\/th>\n200\u00b0C<\/th>\n400\u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Volumic mass kg\/m\u00b3<\/th>\n7800<\/td>\n7750<\/td>\n7700<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Young Modulus N\/mm\u00b2<\/th>\n210000<\/td>\n200000<\/td>\n188000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thermal conductivity W\/m.K<\/th>\n26<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Coefficient of linear expansion 10-6<\/sup>\/K<\/th>\n11.5<\/td>\n11.9<\/td>\n12.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
    \n

    Heat treatment<\/h3>\n

    Soft annealing<\/h4>\n

    Temperature: 820 – 850\u00b0C, duration 1h + 1h for 25 mm thickness. Slow cooling in the furnace (10 to 20\u00b0C\/h)<\/em>. The atmosphere in the furnace must be reducing to avoid decarburization of the steel.<\/p>\n

    Stress relieving<\/h4>\n

    After machining, it is recommended to perform stress relieving at 650\u00b0C for a minimum of 2 hours, followed by slow cooling in the furnace to 450\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

    Austenitization<\/h4>\n

    In order to avoid any risk of cracking it is recommended to preheat in 2 steps.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • 1st preheating step: temperature: 600\u00b0C time: 30 s\/mm of thickness<\/li>\n
    • 2nd preheating step: temperature: 850\u00b0C time: 30 s\/mm of thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Recommended austenitizing temperature: 1030 – 1090\u00b0C. The holding time should not be too long to avoid a risk of grain coarsening and a loss of toughness. It is recommended to keep the part at the austenitizing temperature 30 minutes per inch of thickness as soon as the temperature of the surface reach the austenitization temperature.<\/p>\n

      Sub zero treatment<\/h4>\n

      For parts used in cold work applications that need to have high dimensional stability and to increase wear resistance without reducing toughness, it is recommended to perform a subzero treatment at a temperature between -70\u00b0C and -190\u00b0C for 1 hour for 25 mm of thickness of the part.<\/p>\n

      The temperature range from -70\u00b0C up to -120\u00b0C (named cold treatment of steel)<\/em> leads to the complete transformation of austenite into martensite and as consequence to better stability associated with improved hardness and better wear resistance and the temperature range from -135\u00b0C down to -190\u00b0C (named cryotreatment of steel)<\/em> leads also to the complete transformation of austenite and also the precipitation of ultrafine carbides improving a lot the wear resistance without modification of the toughness.<\/p>\n

      This treatment is optional for common applications.<\/p>\n

      Quenching medium<\/h4>\n

      Oil at 80\u00b0C, vacuum (pressure > 6 bars)<\/em>, salt bath 500 – 550\u00b0C.
      \nTo ensure good toughness, treatment with oil or salt bath is preferable.
      \nThe hardness after quenching is 54 to 56 HRC.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      \"TGX<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      Tempering<\/h4>\n

      To ensure a minimum residual austenite rate as well as greater tool stability, it is essential to perform a double tempering. Each tempering is followed by a cooling under 100\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

      Each tempering time must be at least equal to 1h + 1h for 25 mm of thickness of the treated part (equivalent thermal thickness)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Surface treatment<\/h3>\n

      Nitriding<\/h4>\n

      SNAPPER ESR is not recommended to be nitrided since the nitriding temperature of the SNAPPER ESR is quite low.<\/p>\n

      PVD, CVD<\/h4>\n

      SNAPPER ESR is suitable for all kind of PVD and CVD treatment as soon as the treatment temperature is 30\u00b0C lower than the last tempering temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      Machining<\/h3>\n

      The machining parameters below are given for information only and must be adapted according to the equipment and usual machining conditions.<\/p>\n

      Turning<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>\nCarbide tool
      Rough machining<\/th>\n      		Carbide tool
      Finishing<\/th>\n      		HSS tool
      Finishing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n130 – 170<\/td>\n170 – 220<\/td>\n17 – 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/r<\/th>\n0.15 – 0.3<\/td>\n0.1 \u2013 0.15<\/td>\n0.1 \u2013 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Depth of cut mm<\/th>\n2 – 3<\/td>\n0.5 \u2013 1.5<\/td>\n0.5 – 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Milling: surfacing<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>\nMilling with carbide tools
      Rough machining<\/th>\n      		Milling with carbide tools
      \u00bd Finishing<\/th>\n      		Solid tool
      Finishing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n160 – 180<\/td>\n180 – 200<\/td>\n210 – 280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/r<\/th>\n0.40<\/td>\n0.4 – 0.35<\/td>\n0.10 – 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Depth of cut mm<\/th>\n1 – 2.5<\/td>\n1 – 1.5<\/td>\n1 – 0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Drilling: HSS twist drill<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Drill diameter mm<\/th>\nCutting speed m\/min<\/th>\nFeed mm\/t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      < 5<\/td>\n13 – 15<\/td>\n0.05 – 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5 – 10<\/td>\n13 – 15<\/td>\n0.15 – 0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      10 – 15<\/td>\n13 – 15<\/td>\n0.20 – 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      15 – 20<\/td>\n13 – 15<\/td>\n0.25 – 0.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
      \n

      Drilling: carbide drill<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Carbide type<\/th>\nIndexable insert<\/th>\nSolid carbid<\/th>\nCarbide tip<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n160 – 180<\/td>\n100 – 130<\/td>\n55 – 80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/t<\/th>\n0.05 – 0.10<\/td>\n0.10 – 0.25<\/td>\n0.15 – 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Fine grinding<\/h4>\n

      General indications for grinding wheels to be used on SNAPPER ESR in the heat treated condition<\/p>\n

      Usually, rather soft vitrified aluminum oxide grinding wheels (grades G for plane grinding to K for cylindrical grinding)<\/em> are used.<\/p>\n

      Particular attention will be paid to effective cooling of the surface during grinding to prevent degradation of the material surface.<\/p>\n

      Electro-discharge machining<\/h4>\n

      SNAPPER ESR is also suitable for EDM machining (wire or electrode)<\/em>. Preferably, the machining will be carried out with a low current density and a high frequency in order to limit the thickness of the white layer as much as possible.<\/p>\n

      Then it is necessary to carry out a stress relieving at 25\u00b0C below the last tempering in order to reduce the level of residual stresses (which could lead to a risk of cracking)<\/em> and to carry out a polishing to completely remove the white layer formed during the discharge machining process.<\/p>\n

      Welding<\/h3>\n

      It is not recommended to weld SNAPPER ESR but if this is mandatory it could be welded in the heat treated condition.<\/p>\n