{"id":4154,"date":"2026-10-08T15:38:50","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/plastic-mold-steels\/cromis-esr\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T15:38:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:38:50","slug":"cromis-esr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/en\/plastic-mold-steels\/cromis-esr\/","title":{"rendered":"CROMIS ESR"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” video_bg=”use_video” video_mp4=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plastic-hero.mp4″ video_webm=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plastic-hero.webm” video_ogv=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plastic-hero.ogv” background_video_loading=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fast” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”450″][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

CROMIS ESR (1.2083 ESR, X42Cr13, 4Cr13, SUS420J2, 420S45, 420 ESR, 40KH13, Z40C13)<\/span><\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”50″][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
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Stainless mold steel for either good corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties with the highest polishability<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
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CROMIS ESR is Electroslag Remelted (ESR)<\/em> stainless steel, which can be used for making small and medium-sized plastic injection molds where a good corrosion resistance is required with a mirror polishing level.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

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Applications<\/h3>\n

CROMIS ESR has both very high wear resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, excellent polishability ((suitable for applications requiring a mirror polished level)<\/em> as well as correct machinability.<\/p>\n

CROMIS ESR can be used for injection molds for corrosive plastic (PVC, recycled plastics\u2026)<\/em>, molds for plastics reinforced with abrasive fillers, extrusion screws and barrels for extruders, molds for food, medical and optical equipment and for all the molds requiring a mirror polish.<\/p>\n

CROMIS ESR is delivered in the annealed condition and in use it should be treated to a hardness of 52 HRC.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

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Main properties<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Good corrosion resistance<\/li>\n
  • Very good polishability<\/li>\n
  • Good wear resistance<\/li>\n
  • High hardenabilty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
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    Chemical composition (typical)<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    C<\/th>\nMn<\/th>\nSi<\/th>\nP<\/th>\nS<\/th>\nCr<\/th>\nMo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    0.40<\/td>\n0.30<\/td>\nMax 0.3<\/td>\n< 0.015<\/td>\n< 0.005<\/td>\n14.0<\/td>\n0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
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    Designation<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Werkstoff Nr<\/th>\nISO<\/th>\nChina GB<\/th>\nJIS Japan<\/th>\nUK<\/th>\nAISI USA<\/th>\nRussia Gost<\/th>\nAFNOR<\/th>\nOther \/ Special<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    1.2083 ESR<\/td>\nX42Cr13<\/td>\n4Cr13<\/td>\nSUS420J2<\/td>\n420S45<\/td>\n420 ESR<\/td>\n40KH13<\/td>\nZ40C13<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
    \n

    Structure<\/h3>\n

    The structure of the CROMIS ESR is fine and homogeneous without precipitation or alignments of carbides.<\/p>\n

    The cleanliness of CROMIS ESR which is a electroslag remelted steel (ESR)<\/em> is very high and according to ASTM E 45-95 method A it is at most equal to: fine series: A0.5 – B0.5 – C0 – D1.5 \/ thick: A0.5 – B0.5 – C0-D1 and B + C + D less than 2.5. This level of cleanliness guarantees the highest polishability of CROMIS ESR.<\/p>\n

    Hardness at the time of delivery<\/h3>\n

    Annealed for 230 HB max.<\/p>\n

    Typical mechanical properties in hardened conditions (results from internal tests not indicated on the certificates)<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    TS MPa<\/th>\nYS 0.2% MPa<\/th>\nElongation %<\/th>\nHardness HRC<\/th>\nKU J \u00e0 20\u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u2265 1700<\/td>\n\u2265 1300<\/td>\n\u2265 12<\/td>\n\u2265 50<\/td>\n\u2265 18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
    \n

    Physical properties<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Temperature<\/th>\n20\u00b0C<\/th>\n200\u00b0C<\/th>\n400\u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Volumic mass kg\/m\u00b3<\/th>\n7800<\/td>\n7750<\/td>\n7700<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Young Modulus N\/mm\u00b2<\/th>\n215000<\/td>\n202000<\/td>\n190000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thermal conductivity W\/m.K<\/th>\n22<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Coefficient of linear expansion 10-6<\/sup>\/K<\/th>\n10.5<\/td>\n10.9<\/td>\n11.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
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    Heat treatment<\/h3>\n

    Soft annealing<\/h4>\n

    Temperature: 760 – 790\u00b0C, duration 1h + 1h for 25 mm thickness. Slow cooling in the furnace (10 to 20\u00b0C\/h)<\/em>. The atmosphere in the furnace must be reducing to avoid decarburization of the steel.<\/p>\n

    Stress relieving<\/h4>\n

    After machining, it is recommended to perform stress relieving at 650\u00b0C for a minimum of 2 hours, followed by slow cooling in the furnace to 450\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

    Austenitization<\/h4>\n

    In order to avoid any risk of cracking it is recommended to preheat in 2 steps.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • 1st preheating step: temperature: 600\u00b0C time: 30 s\/mm of thickness<\/li>\n
    • 2nd preheating step: temperature: 850\u00b0C time: 30 s\/mm of thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Recommended austenitizing temperature: 1000 – 1050\u00b0C. The holding time should not be too long to avoid a risk of grain coarsening and a loss of toughness. It is recommended to keep the part at the austenitizing temperature 30 minutes per inch of thickness as soon as the temperature of the surface reach the austenitization temperature.<\/p>\n

      Quenching medium<\/h4>\n

      Oil at 80\u00b0C, vacuum (pressure > 6 Bars)<\/em>, salt bath 500 – 550\u00b0C.
      \nTo ensure good toughness, treatment with oil or salt bath is preferable.<\/p>\n

      Tempering<\/h4>\n

      To ensure a minimum residual austenite rate as well as greater tool stability, it is essential to perform a double tempering. Each tempering is followed by a cooling under 100\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

      Each tempering time must be at least equal to 1h + 1h for 25 mm of thickness of the treated part (equivalent thermal thickness)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Tempering temperature and corrosion resistance: In order to avoid a better corrosion resistance it is highly recommended to avoid tempering temperatures in the range 400 to 550\u00b0C since at these temperatures there is a precipitation of chromium carbides at the grain boundaries leading to an increase of the local corrosion at these locations.<\/p>\n

      For the higher hardness (better wear resistance)<\/em> tempering temperatures lower than 400\u00b0C are recommended and for lower hardness (better toughness)<\/em> tempering temperatures over 550\u00b0C are recommended.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      \"CROMIS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      Surface treatment<\/h3>\n

      Nitriding<\/h4>\n

      CROMIS ESR can be nitrided at temperatures less than or equal to 20\u00b0C below tempering temperatures without risk of deterioration of the mechanical characteristics. Nitriding at a temperature over 550\u00b0C is recommended to avoid any risk of carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries.<\/p>\n

      PVD, CVD<\/h4>\n

      CROMIS ESR is suitable for all kind of PVD and CVD treatment as soon as the treatment temperature is 30\u00b0C lower than the last tempering temperature.<\/p>\n

      Polishing<\/h3>\n

      CROMIS ESR is suitable for polishing in the heat treated condition and it can be used for applications requiring a mirror polished level (Rt \u2264 0.25 \u00b5m, CNOMO level 1, Rugotest N1)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Optimal polishing is achieved by performing consecutive steps with similar roughness and stopping each step as soon as the last scratch from the previous step disappears.<\/p>\n

      Texturing<\/h3>\n

      CROMIS ESR is suitable for chemical or laser texturing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      Machining<\/h3>\n

      The machining parameters below are given for information only and must be adapted according to the equipment and usual machining conditions.<\/p>\n

      Turning<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>\nCarbide tool
      Rough machining<\/th>\n      		Carbide tool
      Finishing<\/th>\n      		HSS tool
      Finishing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n160 – 200<\/td>\n210 – 250<\/td>\n17 – 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/r<\/th>\n0.2 – 0.4<\/td>\n0.1 – 0.2<\/td>\n0.1 – 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Depth of cut mm<\/th>\n2 – 4<\/td>\n0.5 – 2<\/td>\n0.5 – 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Milling: surfacing<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>\nMilling with carbide tools
      Rough machining<\/th>\n      		Milling with carbide tools
      Finishing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/ min<\/th>\n160 – 200<\/td>\n250 – 280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/r<\/th>\n0.2 – 0.4<\/td>\n0.1 – 0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Depth of cut mm<\/th>\n2 – 4<\/td>\n0.5 – 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Carbide designation ISO<\/th>\nP20 – P40 coated carbide<\/td>\nP10 – P20 coated carbide or cermet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      End milling<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>\nMilling with carbide tools
      Solid carbide<\/th>\n      		Milling with carbide tools
      Carbide indexable insert<\/th>\n      		HSS milling tool<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/ min<\/th>\n120 – 150<\/td>\n160 – 210<\/td>\n25 – 29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/teeth<\/th>\n0.02 – 0.2<\/td>\n0.07 – 0.2<\/td>\n0.01 – 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Carbide designation ISO<\/th>\nNA<\/td>\nP20 – P30<\/td>\nNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Drilling: HSS twist drill<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Drill diameter mm<\/th>\nCutting speed m\/min<\/th>\nFeed mm\/t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      < 5<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.05 – 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5 – 10<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.15 – 0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      10 – 15<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.20 – 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      15 – 20<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.25 – 0.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
      \n

      Drilling: carbide drill<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Carbide type<\/th>\nIndexable insert<\/th>\nSolid carbid<\/th>\nCarbide tip<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Cutting speed m\/ min<\/th>\n210 – 230<\/td>\n80 – 100<\/td>\n70 – 80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Feed mm\/t<\/th>\n0.05 – 0.10<\/td>\n0.10 – 0.25<\/td>\n0.15 – 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Fine grinding<\/h4>\n

      General indications for grinding wheels to be used on CROMIS ESR in the heat treated condition. Usually, rather soft vitrified aluminum oxide grinding wheels (grades G for plane grinding to K for cylindrical grinding)<\/em> are used.<\/p>\n

      Particular attention will be paid to effective cooling of the surface during grinding to prevent degradation of the material surface.<\/p>\n

      Electro-discharge machining<\/h4>\n

      CROMIS ESR is also suitable for EDM machining (wire or electrode)<\/em>. Preferably, the machining will be carried out with a low current density and a high frequency in order to limit the thickness of the white layer as much as possible.<\/p>\n

      Then it is necessary to carry out a stress relieving at 25\u00b0C below the last tempering in order to reduce the level of residual stresses (which could lead to a risk of cracking)<\/em> and to carry out a polishing to completely remove the white layer formed during the discharge machining process.<\/p>\n

      Welding<\/h3>\n

      It is not recommended to weld CROMIS ESR but if this is mandatory it could be welded either in the annealed condition (better)<\/em> or in the heat treated condition.<\/p>\n