{"id":4159,"date":"2026-10-08T15:39:22","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:39:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/hot-work-tool-steels\/tge-21-cobia-esr\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T15:39:22","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:39:22","slug":"tge-21-cobia-esr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/en\/hot-work-tool-steels\/tge-21-cobia-esr\/","title":{"rendered":"TGE 21 COBIA ESR"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” video_bg=”use_video” video_mp4=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hw-hero.mp4″ video_webm=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hw-hero.webm” video_ogv=”https:\/\/www.tgsteels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hw-hero.ogv” background_video_loading=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fast” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”450″][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

TGE 21 COBIA ESR (1.2340 ESR, X37CrMoV5-1, 4Cr5MoSiV1, SKD6, BH11 ESR, H11 ESR, NADCA Grade E)<\/span><\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”50″][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
\n

Electroslag Remelted (ESR)<\/em> hot work tool steel with good combination of toughness and hot properties for demanding hot work applications<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
\n

TGE21 COBIA ESR<\/p>\n

    \n
  • is an Electroslag Remelted (ESR)<\/em> 5% Cr steel that ensures a very high level of cleanliness and homogeneity.<\/li>\n
  • has a very good toughness and ductility associated with a good enough hot strength and tempering back resistance.<\/li>\n
  • has a very good polishability, is good for texturing.<\/li>\n
  • can be used for applications requiring a mirror polished level (Rt \u2264 0.25 \u00b5m, CNOMO level 1, Rugotest N1)<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  • can also be welded and exhibits good machinability.<\/li>\n
  • has a very good suitability for surface treatments such as gas, ionic or salt bath nitriding, as well as PVD or CVD coatings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
    \n

    Applications<\/h3>\n

    TGE21 COBIA ESR can be used for various types of aluminum die-casting molds.<\/p>\n

    TGE21 COBIA ESR can also be used for high hardness plastic molds.<\/p>\n

    TGE21 COBIA ESR is also commonly used for hot extrusion molds, forging molds and punches, high speed stamping molds, die-casting molds, plastic molds, etc.<\/p>\n

    TGE21 COBIA ESR is also commonly used in engine mold manufacturing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

    \n

    Main properties<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Very good toughness and ductility<\/li>\n
    • Excellent polishability<\/li>\n
    • Good hot strength and tempering back resistance<\/li>\n
    • High hardenability<\/li>\n
    • Suitable for surface treatments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
      \n

      Chemical composition (typical)<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      C<\/th>\nMn<\/th>\nSi<\/th>\nP<\/th>\nS<\/th>\nCr<\/th>\nMo<\/th>\nV<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      0.35<\/td>\n0.40<\/td>\n0.25<\/td>\n< 0.010<\/td>\n< 0.001<\/td>\n5.00<\/td>\n1.75<\/td>\n0.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      Designation<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Werkstoff Nr<\/th>\nISO<\/th>\nChina GB<\/th>\nJIS Japan<\/th>\nUK<\/th>\nAISI USA<\/th>\nRussia Gost<\/th>\nAFNOR<\/th>\nOther \/ Special<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      1.2340 ESR<\/td>\nX37CrMoV5-1<\/td>\n4Cr5MoSiV1<\/td>\nSKD6<\/td>\nBH11 ESR<\/td>\nH11 ESR<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nNADCA Grade E<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
      \n

      Structure<\/h3>\n

      The structure of the TGE21 COBIA ESR is fine and homogeneous without precipitation or alignments of carbides.<\/p>\n

      The annealed microstructure is in conformity with NADCA # 207 – 2016 standard range AS1 – AS4.
      \nSegregation: in conformity with the acceptable level of NADCA # 207 – 2016 standard<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \"Micrographs<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

      \n

      TGE21 COBIA ESR which is a electro slag remelted steel (ESR) is very high and according to ASTM E 45 – 95 method A it is at most equal to: fine series: A0.5 – B1 – C1 – D1
      \nthick: A0.5 – B0.5 – C0.5 – D0.5.
      \nThis level of cleanliness guarantees the highest polishability of TGE22 COBIA ESR.<\/p>\n

      Hardness at the time of delivery<\/h3>\n

      Annealed for 230 HB max.<\/p>\n

      Typical mechanical properties in hardened conditions (results from internal tests not indicated on the certificates)<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      TS
      MPa<\/th>\n      		YS 0.2%
      MPa<\/th>\n      		Elongation
      %<\/th>\n      		Hardness
      HRC<\/th>\n      		KU
      J \u00e0 20\u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      1800<\/td>\n1540<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n\u226517<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      1600<\/td>\n1380<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n\u2265 18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      1450<\/td>\n1200<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n\u2265 20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
      \n

      Physical properties<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Temperature<\/th>\n20\u00b0C<\/th>\n400\u00b0C<\/th>\n600\u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Volumic mass kg\/m\u00b3<\/th>\n7800<\/td>\n7700<\/td>\n7620<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Young Modulus N\/mm\u00b2<\/th>\n210000<\/td>\n180000<\/td>\n145000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Thermal conductivity W\/m.K<\/th>\n31<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Coefficient of linear expansion 10-6<\/sup>\/K<\/th>\n11.4<\/td>\n12.7<\/td>\n13.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
      \n

      Heat treatment<\/h3>\n

      Soft annealing<\/h4>\n

      Temperature: 800 – 860\u00b0C, duration 1h + 1h for 25 mm thickness. slow cooling in the furnace (10 to 20\u00b0C\/h)<\/em> down to 500\u00b0C. The atmosphere in the furnace must be reducing to avoid decarburization of the steel.<\/p>\n

      Stress relieving<\/h4>\n

      After machining, it is recommended to perform stress relieving at 600 – 650\u00b0C for a minimum of 2 hours, followed by slow cooling in the furnace to 450\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

      Austenitization<\/h4>\n

      In order to avoid any risk of cracking it is recommended to preheat in 2 steps.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • 1st preheating step: temperature: 550\u00b0C time: 30 s\/mm of thickness<\/li>\n
      • 2nd preheating step: temperature: 750\u00b0C time: 30 s\/mm of thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Recommended austenitizing temperature: 1000 – 1050\u00b0C. The holding time should not be too long to avoid a risk of grain coarsening and a loss of toughness. It is recommended to keep the part at the austenitizing temperature 30 minutes per inch of thickness as soon as the temperature of the surface reach the austenitization temperature.<\/p>\n

        Quenching medium<\/h4>\n

        Oil at 80\u00b0C, vacuum (pressure > 6 bars)<\/em>, salt bath 500 – 550\u00b0C.
        \nTo ensure good toughness, treatment with oil or salt bath is preferable.<\/p>\n

        Sub zero treatment<\/h4>\n

        For parts used in cold work applications that need to have high dimensional stability and to increase wear resistance without reducing toughness, it is recommended to perform a subzero treatment at a temperature between -70\u00b0C and -190\u00b0C for 1 hour for 25mm of thickness of the part.<\/p>\n

        The temperature range from -70\u00b0C up to -120\u00b0C (named cold treatment of steel)<\/em> leads to the complete transformation of austenite into martensite and as a consequence to better stability associated with improved hardness and better wear resistance and the temperature range from -135\u00b0C down to -190\u00b0C (named cryotreatment of steel)<\/em> leads also to the complete transformation of austenite and also the precipitation of ultrafine carbides improving a lot the wear resistance without modification of the toughness. This treatment is optional for common applications.<\/p>\n

        Tempering<\/h4>\n

        To ensure a minimum residual austenite rate as well as greater tool stability, it is essential to perform a double tempering. Each tempering is followed by a cooling under 100\u00b0C. Each tempering time must be at least equal to 1h + 1h for 25 mm of thickness of the treated part (equivalent thermal thickness)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

        \n

        \"TGE<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

        \n

        Surface treatment<\/h3>\n

        Nitriding<\/h4>\n

        TGE21 COBIA ESR can be nitrided at temperatures less than or equal to 20\u00b0C below tempering temperatures without risk of deterioration of the mechanical characteristics. With gas nitriding at 520\u00b0C (25 h)<\/em> the surface hardness is 1080 HV1 with a diffusion layer of 0.2 mm.<\/p>\n

        PVD, CVD<\/h4>\n

        TGE21 COBIA ESR is suitable for all kinds of PVD and CVD treatment as soon as the treatment temperature is 30\u00b0C lower than the last tempering temperature.<\/p>\n

        Polishing<\/h3>\n

        TGE21 COBIA ESR is suitable for polishing in the heat treated condition and it can be used for applications requiring a mirror polished level (Rt \u2264 0.25 \u00b5m, CNOMO level 1, Rugotest N1)<\/em> as used for parts requiring a mirror polishing level.<\/p>\n

        Optimal polishing is achieved by performing consecutive steps with similar roughness and stopping each step as soon as the last scratch from the previous step disappears.<\/p>\n

        Texturing<\/h3>\n

        TGE21 COBIA ESR is suitable for chemical or laser texturing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”60″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

        \n

        Machining<\/h3>\n

        The machining parameters below are given for information only and must be adapted according to the equipment and usual machining conditions.<\/p>\n

        Turning<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        <\/th>\nCarbide tool
        Rough machining<\/th>\n        		Carbide tool
        Finishing<\/th>\n        		HSS tool
        Finishing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n130 – 170<\/td>\n170 – 220<\/td>\n17 – 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Feed mm\/r<\/th>\n0.2 – 0.4<\/td>\n0.1 – 0.2<\/td>\n0.1 – 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Depth of cut mm<\/th>\n2 – 4<\/td>\n0.5 – 2<\/td>\n0.5 – 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
        \n

        Milling: surfacing<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        <\/th>\nMilling with carbide tools
        Rough machining<\/th>\n        		Milling with carbide tools
        \u00bd Finishing<\/th>\n        		Solid tool
        Finishing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n160 – 180<\/td>\n180 – 200<\/td>\n210 – 280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Feed mm\/r<\/th>\n0.4<\/td>\n0.35 – 0.25<\/td>\n0.10 – 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Depth of cut mm<\/th>\n1 – 3<\/td>\n1 – 2<\/td>\n1 – 0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
        \n

        Drilling: HSS twist drill<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Drill diameter mm<\/th>\nCutting speed m\/min<\/th>\nFeed mm\/t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        < 5<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.05 – 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        5 – 10<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.15 – 0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        10 – 15<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.20 – 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        15 – 20<\/td>\n14 – 16<\/td>\n0.25 – 0.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
        \n

        Drilling: carbide drill<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Carbide type<\/th>\nIndexable insert<\/th>\nSolid carbide<\/th>\nCarbide tip<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Cutting speed m\/min<\/th>\n160 – 180<\/td>\n100 – 130<\/td>\n55 – 80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Feed mm\/t<\/th>\n0.05 – 0.10<\/td>\n0.10 – 0.25<\/td>\n0.15 – 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
        \n

        Fine grinding<\/h4>\n

        General indications for grinding wheels to be used on TGE21 COBIA ESR in the heat treated condition. Usually, rather soft vitrified aluminum oxide grinding wheels (grades G for plane grinding to K for cylindrical grinding)<\/em> are used.<\/p>\n

        Particular attention will be paid to effective cooling of the surface during grinding to prevent degradation of the material surface.<\/p>\n

        Electro-discharge machining<\/h4>\n

        TGE21 COBIA ESR is also suitable for EDM machining (wire or electrode)<\/em>. Preferably, the machining will be carried out with a low current density and a high frequency in order to limit the thickness of the white layer as much as possible.<\/p>\n

        Then it is necessary to carry out a stress relieving at 25\u00b0C below the last tempering in order to reduce the level of residual stresses (which could lead to a risk of cracking)<\/em> and to carry out a polishing to completely remove the white layer formed during the discharge machining process.<\/p>\n

        Welding<\/h3>\n

        It is not recommended to weld TGE21 COBIA ESR but if this is mandatory it could be welded either in the annealed condition (better)<\/em> or in the heat treated condition.<\/p>\n